{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:11:23Z","timestamp":1784891483810,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cytometry Part B Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>CD4 T\u2010cell counting was introduced in clinical laboratories shortly after the discovery of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) in the early eighties. In western clinical laboratories, improvements in the CD4 T\u2010cell counting methods were mainly driven by progress in the field of flow cytometry and immunology. In contrast, the development of dedicated CD4 T\u2010cell counting technologies were needs driven. When antiretroviral treatment (ART) was made available on a large scale by international Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) relief programs to HIV+ patients living in low income countries in 2003, there was a distinct need for simplified and affordable CD4 T\u2010cell counting technologies. The first decade of 2000, several compact flow cytometers appeared on the market, mainly to the benefit of low income countries with limited resources. More recently, however, portable point\u2010of\u2010care (POC) CD4 T\u2010cell counting devices have been developed especially to improve access to affordable monitoring of HIV+ patients in low income countries. The accuracy of these POC instruments is not yet very well documented as many are still under development and clinical validation but preliminary evidence is encouraging. The new HIV treatment guidelines released by the World Health Organization in 2016 give CD4 T\u2010cell counting a less central role in the management of HIV infection. It is, therefore, to be expected that CD4 T\u2010cell counting will be phased out as a tool to assess eligibility of HIV+ patients for ART in the future. However, CD4 T\u2010cell counting will remain a valuable tool for directing treatment against opportunistic infections. \u00a9 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T02:22:40Z","timestamp":1468376560000},"page":"437-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Thirty\u2010five years of CD4 T\u2010cell counting in HIV infection: From flow cytometry in the lab to point\u2010of\u2010care testing in the field"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Kestens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Antwerp  Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Mandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Institute of Mathematical Sciences Mbour Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men\u2014New York City and California","volume":"30","author":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC)","year":"1981","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198112103052401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/321010a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/312763a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.314668"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Leukocyte subset analysis and related immunological findings in acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS) and malignancies","volume":"1","author":"Hersh EM","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diagn Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): WHO\/CDC case definition for AIDS","volume":"61","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1986","journal-title":"Wkly Epidem Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): 1987 revision of CDC\/WHO case definition for AIDS","volume":"63","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1988","journal-title":"Wkly Epidem Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"RR\u201017","article-title":"1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"41","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/326430b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004053221401"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV\u2010infected adults and adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Panel on clinical practices for the treatment of HIV. 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