{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:25:13Z","timestamp":1776273913550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cytometry Part B Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n A better understanding of innate and adaptive cells in COVID\u201019 is necessary for the development of effective treatment methods and vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We studied phenotypic features of innate and adaptive immune cells, oxidative burst, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. One hundred and three patients with COVID\u201019 were grouped according to their clinical features into the categories of mild (35%), moderate (40.8%), and severe (24.3%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Monocytes were CD16\n +<\/jats:sup>\n pro\u2010inflammatory monocytes and tended to shed their HLA\u2010DR, especially in severe cases (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01). Neutrophils were mature and functional, although a decline of their CD10 and CD16 was observed (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01). No defect was found in the reactive oxygen species production and their apoptosis. The percentage of natural killer cells was in the normal range, whereas the percentages of CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n NK and CD56\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T lymphocytes were found to be high (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01). Although the absolute numbers of all lymphocyte subsets were low and showed a tendency for a gradual decrease in accordance with the disease progression, the most decreased absolute number was that of B lymphocytes, followed by CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T cells in the severe cases. The percentages of double\u2010negative T cells; HLA\u2010DR\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and CD28\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n subsets were found to be significantly increased. Importantly, we demonstrated the increased baseline activation of caspase\u20103 and increased lymphocyte apoptosis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n We suggest that SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 primarily affects the lymphocytes and not the innate cells. The increased baseline activation of Caspase\u20103 could make the COVID\u201019 lymphocytes more vulnerable to cell death. Therefore, this may interrupt the crosstalk between the adaptive and innate immune systems.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.22042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T16:54:39Z","timestamp":1638291279000},"page":"153-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells during\n COVID<\/scp>\n \u201019: Functional neutrophils, pro\u2010inflammatory monocytes, and half\u2010dead lymphocytes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Emel","family":"Ek\u015fio\u011flu\u2010Demiralp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Typing and Immunology Laboratory Istanbul Memorial \u015ei\u015fli Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Servet","family":"Alan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Istanbul Memorial \u015ei\u015fli Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uluhan","family":"Sili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Marmara University, School of Medicine Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Bakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u00dcniversitesi, Istanbul Memorial \u015ei\u015fli Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0130lhan","family":"Ocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Istanbul Memorial \u015ei\u015fli Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rayfe","family":"Y\u00fcrekli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Typing and Immunology Laboratory Istanbul Memorial \u015ei\u015fli Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadir","family":"Alpay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Istanbul Hizmet Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serpil","family":"G\u00f6r\u00e7in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Istanbul Memorial \u015ei\u015fli Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaattin","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Istanbul Memorial \u015ei\u015fli Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.27.20045427"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.157.2.461"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Decreased function of monocytes and granulocytes during HIV\u20101 infection correlates with CD4 cell counts","volume":"1","author":"Dobmeyer T. 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