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Cox models were used to investigate whether baseline CSF neuroinflammation was associated with incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD. Moderating effects of sex and apolipoprotein E (<jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>) \u03b54 were also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin (IL)\u20109, and IL\u201012p40 at baseline were associated with higher rates of conversion to MCI\/AD. Interactions with sex and <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> \u03b54 were observed, such that women with elevated TNF\u2010\u03b1 and all <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> \u03b54 carriers with elevated IL\u20109 levels had shorter times to conversion. In addition, TNF\u2010\u03b1 mediated the relationship between elevated IL\u201012p40 and IL\u20109.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated neuroinflammation markers are associated with incident MCI\/AD, and the factors of sex and <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> \u03b54 status modify the time to conversion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T15:39:19Z","timestamp":1663601959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Higher baseline levels of CSF inflammation increase risk of incident mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease dementia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-3641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joey A.","family":"Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's 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