{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:34:12Z","timestamp":1760402052362,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NR012907","R01NR012657","R01NR014449","R01DA054009","R01MH118031","K01 AG053474","F32MH129151","P30 AG066444","P01AG003991","P01AG026276","U19 AG032438","U19 AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR012907","R01NR012657","R01NR014449","R01DA054009","R01MH118031","K01 AG053474","F32MH129151","P30 AG066444","P01AG003991","P01AG026276","U19 AG032438","U19 AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Health disparities arise from biological\u2010environmental interactions. Neuroimaging cohorts are reaching sufficiently large sample sizes such that analyses could evaluate how the environment affects the brain. We present a practical guide for applying geospatial methods to a neuroimaging cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimated brain age gap (BAG) from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from 239 city\u2010dwelling participants in St. Louis, Missouri. We compared these participants to population\u2010level estimates from the American Community Survey (ACS). We used geospatial analysis to identify neighborhoods associated with patterns of altered brain structure. We also evaluated the relationship between Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and BAG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identify areas in St. Louis, Missouri that were significantly associated with higher BAG from a spatially representative cohort. We provide replication code.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observe a relationship between neighborhoods and brain health, which suggests that neighborhood\u2010based interventions could be appropriate. We encourage other studies to geocode participant information to evaluate biological\u2010environmental interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T12:38:43Z","timestamp":1678970323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A practitioner's guide to geospatial analysis in a neuroimaging context"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Wisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganesh M","family":"Babulal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Leadership The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences  Washington, DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalen","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enbal","family":"Shacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taylor Geospatial Institute College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Scroggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taylor Geospatial Institute College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna H.","family":"Boerwinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaney","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beau M.","family":"Ances","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine  St Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.25.3.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940\u2010015\u20100027\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510363"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wss.2021.100040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109870"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00789"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Diversity in aging\u2010related neuroimaging research","author":"Brett BL","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1403202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297004870"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.694479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0499-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b19708"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2265656"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305368"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment &amp; Disease Monitoring"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dad2.12413","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dad2.12413","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dad2.12413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:14Z","timestamp":1760361974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dad2.12413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dad2.12413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12413","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8729","2352-8729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2352-8729"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2352-8729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12413"}}