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Included studies had AD case definition based on brain amyloid beta (A\u03b2) status. Study quality assessment was performed. Random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses of standardized mean difference, correlation, and diagnostic accuracy were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010eight studies were included. There was weak evidence of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning on optical coherence tomography (OCT) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.14, 11 studies, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0828), increased foveal avascular zone area on OCT\u2010angiography (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.18, four studies, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0207), and reduced arteriole and venule vessel fractal dimension on fundus photography (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.08, respectively, three studies, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0297) among AD cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinal imaging parameters appear to be associated with AD. Small study sizes and heterogeneity in imaging methods and reporting make it difficult to determine utility of these changes as AD biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We performed a systematic review on retinal imaging and Alzheimer's disease (AD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We only included studies in which cases were based on brain amyloid beta status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Several retinal biomarkers were associated with AD but clinical utility is uncertain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Studies should focus on biomarker\u2010defined AD and use standardized imaging methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T07:00:20Z","timestamp":1684998020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Retinal imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of studies using brain amyloid beta status for case definition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2629-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gizem","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department of Surgery University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"McGuinness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Azaan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Czarina","family":"Obtinalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Orthoptics School of Allied Health Human Services &amp; 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