{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:32:34Z","timestamp":1791469954461,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 HD035897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 HD035897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG051412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG051412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AG068054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AG068054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp;amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp;amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) affecting adults with Down syndrome (DS\u2010AD), like late\u2010onset AD (LOAD) in the neurotypical population, has preclinical, prodromal, and more advanced stages. Only tasks placing high demands on cognition are expected to be affected during the prodromal stage, with activities of daily living (ADLs) typically being spared. However, cognitive demands of ADLs could be high for adults with DS and may be affected during prodromal DS\u2010AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitively stable cases that subsequently developed prodromal DS\u2010AD were identified within a set of archived data from a previous longitudinal study. Measures of ADLs and multiple cognitive domains were examined over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clear declines in ADLs accompanied cognitive declines with prodromal DS\u2010AD while stability in all measures was verified during preclinical DS\u2010AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Operationally defining prodromal DS\u2010AD is essential to disease staging in this high\u2010risk population and for informing treatment options and timing as new disease\u2010modifying drugs become available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Cognitive and functional stability were demonstrated prior to the onset of prodromal DS\u2010AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>ADL declines accompanied cognitive declines as adults with DS transitioned to prodromal AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Declines in ADLs should be a defining feature of prodromal AD for adults with DS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Better characterization of prodromal DS\u2010AD can improve AD diagnosis and disease staging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Improvements in DS\u2010AD diagnosis and staging could also inform the timing of interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:40:02Z","timestamp":1710204002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prodromal Alzheimer's disease can affect activities of daily living for adults with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8879-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy A.","family":"Listwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities  Staten Island New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Krinsky\u2010McHale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities  Staten Island New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities  Staten Island New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain G. H. Sergievsky Center Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah I.","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities  Staten Island New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Schupf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain G. H. Sergievsky Center Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tycko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation  Nutley New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren B.","family":"Zigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities  Staten Island New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010018\u20100132\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750201700411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010015\u20100099\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer's Association Workgroup(2023 October).Revised Criteria for Diagnosis and Staging of Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup.https:\/\/alz.org\/diagnostic\u2010criteria"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"HillerstromH FisherR JanickiMP the Working Group on Criteria for Access to Alzheimer's Therapeutics for Adults with Down Syndrome. 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