{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:08:51Z","timestamp":1791821331471,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp;amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp;amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with Alzheimer's disease present with difficulty in lexical retrieval and reversal of the concreteness effect in nouns. Little is known about the phenomena before the onset of symptoms. We anticipate early linguistic signs in the speech of people who suffer from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here, we report the results of a corpus\u2010linguistic approach to the early detection of cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred forty\u2010eight English\u2010speaking Singaporeans provided natural speech data, on topics of their choice; 74 were diagnosed with single\u2010domain MCI (38 amnestic, 36 non\u2010amnestic), 74 cognitively healthy. The recordings yield 267,310 words, which are tagged for parts of speech. We calculate the per\u2010minute word counts and concreteness scores of all tagged words, nouns, and verbs in the dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to controls, subjects with amnestic MCI produce fewer but more abstract nouns. Verbs are not affected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Slower retrieval of nouns and the reversal of the concreteness effect in nouns are manifested in natural speech and can be detected early through corpus\u2010based analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Reversal of the concreteness effect is manifested in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and semantic dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The paper reports a corpus\u2010based analysis of natural speech by people with amnestic and non\u2010amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitively healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>People with amnestic MCI produce fewer and more abstract nouns than people with non\u2010amnestic MCI and healthy controls. Verbs appear to be unaffected.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The imageability problem can be detected in natural everyday speech by people with amnestic MCI, which carries a higher risk of conversion to AD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T05:56:18Z","timestamp":1713419778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reversal of the concreteness effect can be detected in the natural speech of older adults with amnestic, but not non\u2010amnestic, mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luwen","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunmei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"School of Foreign Studies East China University of Political Science and Law  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Hing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Brain Health Laboratory School of Social Sciences Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted Kheng Siang","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Department of Internal Medicine Rush University Medical Center  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Healthy Longevity, Clinic L Alexandra Hospital  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rathi","family":"Mahendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore 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