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This pilot study investigated the use of an immunoassay panel to map biomarker changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we evaluated the stability of protein quantification after multiple freeze\u2013thaw cycles (FTCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The nucleic acid\u2010linked immuno\u2010sandwich assay (NULISA) inflammation panel measured 203 proteins in serum samples of individuals with (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a031) and without (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a031) AD pathology. Linear models, adjusted for age and sex, contrasted protein expression across groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After multiple\u2010testing adjustments, glial fibrillary acidic protein (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and S100A12 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were significantly changed in the presence of AD pathology. Furthermore, they correlated with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (phosphorylated tau\u2010181 [p\u2010tau181], tau, and A\u03b242). Additional markers were nominally changed between groups. Five FTCs caused minimal changes in measurements with the NULISA inflammation panel.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monitoring of inflammation in AD, using the 200\u2010plex NULISA panel, demonstrates changes in peripherally circulating inflammation\u2010related proteins. Contrary to previous reports, FTCs had minimal impact on the quantification of inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The novel nucleic acid\u2010linked immuno\u2010sandwich assay (NULISA) inflammation panel, which includes 200 protein biomarkers, was used.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The panel was used for the first time in serum from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The protein S100A12 was identified as a potential biomarker for AD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Inflammation markers were stable in up to five freeze\u2013thaw cycles.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T03:19:11Z","timestamp":1738207151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Inflammation biomarkers and Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study using NULISAseq"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5339-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Di Molfetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Pola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kubra","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Isaacson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Weill Cornell Medicine and New York\u2010Presbyterian  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj","family":"Blennow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Paris Brain Institute, ICM Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital Sorbonne University  Paris France"},{"name":"Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center Division of Life Sciences and Medicine and Department of Neurology Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders University of Science and Technology of China and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC  Hefei PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Banner Alzheimer's Institute University of Arizona  Phoenix Arizona USA"},{"name":"Banner Sun Health Research Institute  Sun City Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Benedet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience &amp; Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital  M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Dementia Research Centre UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01820-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01456-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000362164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15030053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00836-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42834-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000046581.81650.D0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S337041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.01.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02074-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.295340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4440-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91779-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1100-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00287-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.113900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450701481157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00463"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; 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