{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1760404014860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp;amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp;amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>There are a relatively small number of investigations into brain aging in those with intellectual and developmental disability (I\/DD). This project seeks to (1) characterize the internationally available multi\u2010omics Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker studies including those with I\/DD, and (2) discuss future research\u00a0directions. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched under the following criteria: cross\u2010sectional or longitudinal AD\u2010omics\u00a0studies on adults (18 +) with I\/DD. 532\u00a0studies were identified, 186 studies were evaluated for full\u2010text, 79 studies were excluded, and 117 studies were extracted. Most biological specimens were analyzed in blood, plasma, or serum. Metabolomics, hormonomics, and transcriptomics were most understudied. Sex differences were investigated in nine studies. Two studies included participants with non\u2013Down syndrome neurodevelopmental disorders. European\u2010based city populations were primarily represented across studies. Future studies including a broader range of I\/DD presentations, and considering sex differences, comorbidities, and novel biomarkers beta synuclein are interesting future directions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Small sample sizes, cross\u2010sectional designs, and few prospective and retrospective studies highlight the need for more rigorous research design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A focus on European\u2010based city populations and Down syndrome (DS) clinical groups prompts the need for inclusive, community\u2010based recruitment methods across broader clinical and ethnic groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The vesicle\u2010associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) shows promise for early detection of synaptic degeneration, potentially across I\/DD groups, showing correlations with CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, axonal 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