{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:44:43Z","timestamp":1783129483608,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp;amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp;amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies on retinal changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) based on clinical diagnostic criteria have yielded inconsistent results. We evaluated retinal structure and function in subjects classified using clinical and biological definitions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty\u2010nine included subjects underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatric and ophthalmic evaluations, including OCT and ERG with photopic negative response (PhNR). Amyloid status was determined by\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C\u2010Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PET).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant differences in evaluated OCT and ERG parameters were found between cognitively impaired and unimpaired groups. Amyloid\u2010positive subjects showed significantly thinner macular, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers, plus ERG abnormalities (reduced PhNR, smaller waves amplitudes, prolonged a\u2010wave latency) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). ERG outperformed OCT in discriminating amyloid status (area under the curve [AUC]\u00a0=\u00a00.84). Standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) correlated with Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE;\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.62,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biomarker\u2010based classification revealed retinal changes, affecting both inner retina and photoreceptors, not detected using clinical criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Retinal studies in Alzheimer's disease yield mixed results when based on clinical criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Amyloid positron emission tomography classification permits recognition of retinal changes missed clinically.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) shows early macular thinning in amyloid beta positive subjects at the expense of inner layers.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Electroretinography detects outer retinal dysfunction, indicating broader involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Retinal function loss on electroretinography precedes inner\/outer changes on OCT.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T03:19:49Z","timestamp":1763349589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inner and outer retinal abnormalities detected in Alzheimer's disease subjects diagnosed by amyloid PET not revealed when classified based on clinical criteria"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leonardo E.","family":"Ariello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia e Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia (LIM 33) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele de Paula","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43) Department of Radiology and Oncology Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP Universidade de Sao Paulo  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais de S.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia e Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia (LIM 33) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria K.","family":"Oyamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia e Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia (LIM 33) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo P.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia e Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia (LIM 33) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora  Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia K.","family":"Westenhofen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Instituto de Psiquiartia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Vieira","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Instituto de Psiquiartia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Emy","family":"Yokomizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Instituto de Psiquiartia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio L. S.","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Instituto de Psiquiartia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Instituto de Psiquiartia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldo Busatto","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psiquiatria e Instituto de Psiquiartia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Buchpiguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43) Department of Radiology and Oncology Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP Universidade de Sao Paulo  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio L. 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Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment &amp; Disease Monitoring"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dad2.70218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T13:12:43Z","timestamp":1767013963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dad2.70218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dad2.70218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.70218","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8729","2352-8729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-8729","type":"print"},{"value":"2352-8729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70218"}}