{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:50:47Z","timestamp":1789635047343,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is crucial for timely intervention. Traditional cognitive screening tools lack ecological validity and sensitivity. Virtual reality (VR) provides realistic, controlled environments for assessing multidimensional cognition. This systematic review evaluated the diagnostic accuracy, feasibility, and applicability of immersive VR assessments for neurodegenerative screening. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase for studies published June 2005 to April 2024. Eligible studies used head\u2010mounted displays in adults with MCI, early AD\/PD, or dementia. Ten studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0472) met criteria. Tasks targeted spatial memory, executive function, attention, and navigation. Several reported strong discriminations (area under the curve up to 0.89) and, when combined with machine learning, accuracies of 87% to 100%. Immersive VR shows promise as an ecologically valid, engaging, and scalable screening approach; however, standardization of tasks and outcomes, real\u2010world validation, and robust longitudinal evidence are needed to support clinical adoption.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This review systematically describes the application of fully immersive virtual reality (VR) in the early screening of neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on studies using head\u2010mounted devices to simulate real\u2010life tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Task types such as spatial memory, daily living simulations, and executive function assessments have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early\u2010stage Alzheimer's disease (AD).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Approximately one third of studies combined machine learning techniques to analyze multimodal behavioral data (e.g., path deviations, task duration, and language responses), significantly improving diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study highlights methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and the lack of longitudinal studies as current research limitations, and calls for future standardized, multicenter, and long\u2010term follow\u2010up studies to validate the predictive validity and real\u2010world applicability of VR tools.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:51:06Z","timestamp":1767855066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The use of fully immersive virtual reality for screening neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review of behavioral and diagnostic outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Jie","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences, Psychology, Arts and Humanities, Computing, Engineering, and Sport Canterbury Christ Church University Canterbury UK"},{"name":"National Institute of Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Kent Surrey and Sussex, Mill View Site  Hove UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care and Outcomes Research Centre University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhi","family":"Shergill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies Institute of Psychiatry Psychology Neuroscience King's College London, Strand  London UK"},{"name":"Kent and Medway Medical School University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Siang","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing University of Kent  Canterbury UK"},{"name":"Kent and Medway Medical School University of Kent  Canterbury UK"},{"name":"National Heart &amp; Lung Institute Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London South Kensington Campus  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10062510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02864.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17345"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"DementiaWHO.World Health Organ Retrived Httpswwwwhointnews\u2010Roomfact\u2010Sheetsdetaildementia. 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