{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:18:59Z","timestamp":1789604339374,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#10510032120003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#10510032120003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012479","name":"Weston Brain Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NR180096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR180096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp;amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp;amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Common forms of dementia include Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Disease specific biomarkers are needed for differential disease diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mass spectrometry proteomics on three cohorts (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0110,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0112,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a078) including AD, DLB, FTD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with or without abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid\u2010beta 1\u201342 (A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1\u201342<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) levels (MCI A\u03b2+ and MCI A\u03b2\u2010, respectively) and controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified and validated 11, 3, and 5 differentially expressed proteins in AD, DLB, and FTD, respectively. Potential disease specific proteins included fructose\u2010bisphosphate aldolase A (ALDOA), L\u2010lactate dehydrogenase A chain (LDHA), malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic (MDH1), and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), which were upregulated in AD and MCI A\u03b2+ across multiple cohorts and did not display altered levels in DLB and FTD. Validated DLB and FTD proteins were altered in similar directions in other dementia types in at least one other cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proteomics identified potential disease specific biomarkers in AD which were already altered in the prodromal stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Proteins with altered CSF levels were associated with immune related processes in AD, DLB, and FTD, glycolytic processes in AD and amyloid\u2010beta positive mild cognitive impairment (MCI A\u03b2+), and synaptic processes in FTD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>MCI A\u03b2+ and MCI A\u03b2\u2010 displayed divergent proteomic changes, with MCI A\u03b2+ being more similar to AD, while alterations in MCI A\u03b2\u2010 were difficult to relate to any of the dementias studied.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Glycolytic protein levels were specifically upregulated in AD and MCI A\u03b2+ in our cohorts and in previously published cohorts, while these were unaltered in DLB and FTD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:25:51Z","timestamp":1776057951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Discovery of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for different dementias using mass spectrometry\u2010based proteomics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Marijke E.","family":"Stokkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Neurodegeneration  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Neurochemistry Laboratory Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Vermunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Neurodegeneration  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Neurochemistry Laboratory Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaco C.","family":"Knol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"OncoProteomics Laboratory Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Chiasserini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery Section of Physiology and Biochemistry University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucilla","family":"Parnetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery Section of Neurology University of Perugia  Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander R.","family":"Piersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"OncoProteomics Laboratory Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thang V.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"OncoProteomics Laboratory Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"de Goeij\u2010de Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"OncoProteomics Laboratory Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afina W.","family":"Lemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Neurodegeneration  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Neurochemistry Laboratory Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolande A. L.","family":"Pijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Neurodegeneration  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Neurochemistry Laboratory Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Neurodegeneration  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Neurochemistry Laboratory Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Maastricht University  Maastricht Limburg the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty M.","family":"Tijms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience Neurodegeneration  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Neurochemistry Laboratory Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc  Amsterdam Noord\u2010Holland the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte E.","family":"Teunissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc 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