{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1781092886571,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multilingualism has been proposed as a protective factor against cognitive aging, but its effects are often intertwined with socioeconomic and sociolinguistic contexts, particularly whether an individual's first language is the societal majority or a minority language.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 3854 older adults in the Longitudinal Aging Study in India\u2014Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI\u2010DAD). Participants were classified as monolingual, majority\u2010language multilingual, or minority\u2010language multilingual. Cognitive outcomes were examined across SES strata using multiple\u2010group models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher SES was consistently associated with better cognition. Multilingualism was associated with better cognitive performance at medium and high SES levels, but not at low SES. Among multilinguals, majority\u2010language speakers outperformed minority\u2010language speakers at high SES; however, these differences were largely driven by SES advantages among majority\u2010language speakers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive benefits of multilingualism are not uniform but vary by SES. These findings underscore the importance of context in understanding multilingualism and cognitive aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:10:39Z","timestamp":1773000639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of majority versus minority first language multilingualism and socioeconomic status with cognition among older adults residing in India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Iris M.","family":"Strangmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranali","family":"Khobragade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Petrosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikanth","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Analysis and Interpretation Laboratory University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinkook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Economics University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4696-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Arce Renter\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069211051291"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9030033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.15043.wat"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The unique role of bilingualism among cognitive reserve\u2010enhancing factors","volume":"2","author":"Gallo F","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221093615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.61208"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728923000603"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"Census of India.Census of India 2001. 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