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International Classification of Diseases codes were used to define medical conditions. We performed a time\u2010to\u2010event analysis using Fine\u2010Gray models with death as a competing event.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression was associated with ADRD (hazard ratio [HR]\u00a0=\u00a01.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u00a01.35\u20131.38), with higher risk for mid\u2010life depression (age at index date\u00a0&lt;60: HR\u00a0=\u00a02.56; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.44\u20132.69) compared to late\u2010life depression (age \u226560: HR\u00a0=\u00a01.70; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.67\u20131.72). This association persisted regardless of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder status, but was especially strong for those with TBI prior to depression diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings emphasize the need to screen for cognitive changes in Veterans diagnosed with depression, especially those with mid\u2010life depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T03:18:44Z","timestamp":1779419924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mid\u2010 and late\u2010life depression increases risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in veterans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8419-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lay","family":"Kodama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS)  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Valocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS)  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Chanfreau\u2010Coffinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP) VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria C.","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS)  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health VASDHS  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010021\u201000269\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)01296\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD\u2010151129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102016\u2010015746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(16)00097\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e62138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31822001c1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.610334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Defense USDo.DoD Standard Surveillance Case Definition for TBI Adapted for AFHSB Use.2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241299130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3294-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"SjobergD MichaelB FruechtenichtC HaesendonckxS TreisT.ggsurvfit: Flexible Time\u2010to\u2010Event Figures. 1.2.0 ed2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Team RC.R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 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