{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:50:47Z","timestamp":1791395447030,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":69,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alz &amp;amp; Dem Diag Ass &amp;amp; Dis Mo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Progressive cognitive decline associated with aging can be measured by observing alterations in eye movement behavior during reading. This study explores the association between eye movement profiles and cognitive performance in older adults during reading\u2010based tasks in virtual reality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls (HC) wore a virtual reality (VR) headset during a reading\u2010based task. Recorded eye movements yielded four gaze features (F\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2013F\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ): fixation duration, region of interest (ROI) entry count, regression count, and saccade amplitude. With the reading\u2010task total score (F\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), these formed a five\u2010feature set (F\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2013F\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) for logistic regression under leakage\u2010safe stratified 10\u2010fold cross\u2010validation. Concurrent validity was assessed against paper\u2010based Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The reading\u2010task total score was strongly correlated with MMSE (\n                      <jats:italic>r\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a00.92,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a00.001). Eye\u2010tracking features showed significant group differences, with longer fixation duration, more ROI entries, more reading\u2010order regressions, and larger saccade amplitude in cognitively impaired groups. The three\u2010class combined model reached macro area under the curve (AUC)\u00a0=\u00a01.000, accuracy\u00a0=\u00a00.997, and macro F1\u00a0=\u00a00.997; for MCI versus HC, eye\u2010tracking\u2010only and combined models reached AUC\u00a0=\u00a01.000 compared with AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.895 for the reading\u2010task score alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating gaze features with the reading\u2010task total score can improve cognitive assessment by capturing process\u2010level information. Participants with AD and MCI exhibited longer fixation durations, more ROI entries, and more reading regressions than controls, with the largest effects in AD. The combined model showed its clearest value in the three\u2010class setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:51:24Z","timestamp":1788936684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive function and eye movement patterns during reading tasks in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7008-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiwei","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Malaysia Research Institute Curtin University Malaysia  Miri Sarawak Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology Shenzhen City Polytechnic (Shenzhen Institute of Technology)  Shenzhen Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King Hann","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Malaysia Research Institute Curtin University Malaysia  Miri Sarawak Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Medicine Department Shenzhen People's Hospital  Shenzhen Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivaraman","family":"Eswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Malaysia Research Institute Curtin University Malaysia  Miri Sarawak Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Then Sien","family":"Phang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Malaysia Research Institute Curtin University Malaysia  Miri Sarawak Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luping","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine 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