{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1782363744158,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]],"date-time":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostic Cytopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lionel S. Beale of London made some of the earliest contributions to Cytopathology in the 1850\u20131860s. Cytopathology then experienced a 60+ year hiatus during which few advances were made. In 1927, Londoner Leonard S. Dudgeon published his wet film method for rapid intraoperative diagnosis and in 1928 Greek\u2010American George Papanicolaou and Romanian Aurel A. Babe\u015f independently discovered that cervical cancer can be diagnosed using vaginal smears; these were huge advancements. Yet, there was another hiatus where little progress was made which lasted until the publications of Papanicolaou and Trout in the early 1940s. After that, the field of exfoliative Cytopathology immediately flourished. None of the standard histories of Cytopathology explain these two gaps. Primary and secondary historical sources were examined to explain this pattern. The author concludes that the first hiatus is explained by the 19th Century pathology establishment's strong opposition to the doctrine of the uniqueness of cancer cells that was being pushed by only a few maverick pathologists; in fact, for many mainstream pathologists, cancer was rigidly defined by cell behavior (metastases and invasion) and not cell morphology well into the 20th Century. Biopsy\u2010based diagnosis faced similar opposition but advanced more rapidly as it was possible to examine increased numbers of cells in a pattern that partially maintained their normal adjacencies and architecture. The second hiatus is explained by economic pressures supporting intraoperative frozen section diagnoses and, in the instance of vaginal smears, the embryonic state of the public campaign supporting the importance of early cancer diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:257\u2013263. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.23246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]],"date-time":"2015-01-21T09:41:23Z","timestamp":1421833283000},"page":"257-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cytopathology: Why did it take so long to thrive?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James R.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine the University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Calgary Laboratory Services Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"1025","article-title":"The spontaneous biopsy","volume":"11","author":"Adams G.","year":"1951","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.11.6.473"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"A History of Cytology","author":"Hughes A.","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"The history of exfoliative cancer cytology","volume":"26","author":"Naylor B.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Univ Michigan Med Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.30.12.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"668","article-title":"Cytology from antiquity to Papanicolaou","volume":"21","author":"Hajdu SI","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"101","volume-title":"History of Clinical Cytology: A Selection of Documents","author":"Grunze H","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.22887"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.s1-2.8.267","volume-title":"The microscope and its application to clinical medicine","author":"Beale LS.","year":"1854"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"How to work with the microscope","author":"Beale LS.","year":"1865"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"The microscope in its application to practical medicine","author":"Beale LS.","year":"1867"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","volume-title":"The microscope in medicine","author":"Beale LS.","year":"1878"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"281\u2013","article-title":"The influence of William Osler on the development of clinical laboratory medicine in North America","volume":"7","author":"Malkin HM.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"Obituary. 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