{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T03:42:17Z","timestamp":1773200537542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pericles.pericles-gcp.literatumonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostic Cytopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite antimicrobial prophylaxis, 34% to 59% of lung transplant recipients experience severe life\u2013threatening opportunistic infections, sometimes caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) and <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>. Although differentiating these infections is of utmost importance for effective treatment, it can be challenging as they share morphological and growth characteristics. Therefore, culture remains the gold standard for laboratory confirmation. With the aid of novel molecular methods performed on the cultured organisms, diagnosis may be accomplished rapidly and precisely. We present a case of a lung transplant recipient with a pulmonary infection where long, thin, beaded, branching filamentous organisms were seen with Acid\u2010Fast Bacilli (AFB) and Modified Gomori's Methenamine Silver (GMS) stains in bronchoalveolar lavage sample. Cytological characteristics led to the suspicion of a <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic> species infection. However, culture and the PCR\u2010restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) identified <jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, antibiotic resistance was detected, which aided in choosing the appropriate treatment. Therefore, to overcome such diagnostic difficulties to differentiate NTM and <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>, a multidisciplinary approach including culture, molecular methods, and cytology is needed to enhance clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.25185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T15:17:53Z","timestamp":1686842273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnostic difficulties in non\u2010tuberculous mycobacterial infection in lung transplant recipients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0408-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"FNU","family":"Mahjabin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida 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