{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T05:22:18Z","timestamp":1735795338938,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostic Cytopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is widely known that tobacco use significantly contributes to a variety of health problems, including mouth cancer. The proteins P16 and Ki\u201067 have a role in regulating the cell cycle and promoting cell growth. Analyzing the levels of these proteins can give us valuable information about the overall health of cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to assess the cellular alterations and immunohistochemical expression of P16 and Ki\u201067 in the oral mucosa of Saudi smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>From March to December 2023, a cross\u2010sectional study scraped 500 samples from the buccal mucosa. Participants in the study were Saudi citizens of both genders. We selected a total of 300 individuals who smoked cigarettes and 200 individuals who did not smoke tobacco as the control group. The selection process involved two sample techniques: initially purposive sampling and subsequently snowball sampling. The samples underwent an immunohistochemical examination to determine the presence of P16 and Ki\u201067 protein overexpression. We evaluated the samples by assessing the proportion of cells that exhibited positive staining and the intensity of the staining. The data were examined utilizing SPSS. We identified categorical variables by calculating frequencies and percentages using the chi\u2010squared test. A significance level of <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was used to determine statistical significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 48% of cigarette users had abnormal results, compared to 20% of nonsmokers. These abnormalities included cytological atypia, inflammation, reverse cytological infection, and binucleated or multinucleated cells (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015). People who smoked had higher levels of P16 and Ki\u201067 expressions than people who did not smoke, 12% and 5%, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042). There were no important changes in P16\/Ki\u201067 expression between participants of different ages (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.68) or between men and women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.27).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results demonstrate the detrimental effects of smoking on cell health, underscoring the importance of quitting to reduce the risk of cytological abnormalities and related diseases. Smokers have higher levels of the proteins P16 and Ki\u201067, which shows how important these biomarkers are for understanding the risks to oral health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.25420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:39:52Z","timestamp":1730875192000},"page":"76-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of <scp>P16<\/scp> and Ki\u201067 Proteins Immunoexpressing in Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1567-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faris M.","family":"Elmahdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences, Al Rayan National College of Medicine  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lama S.","family":"Alahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Surgery, Al\u2010Rayan Colleges  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Aloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Surgery, Al\u2010Rayan Colleges  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riyaa L.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Surgery, Al\u2010Rayan Colleges  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saada S.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Surgery, Al\u2010Rayan Colleges  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198526872.003.0016","volume-title":"Tobacco and Public Health: Science and Policy","author":"Peto R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth Tobacco Surveillance \u2010 United States, 2001\u20102002","volume":"55","author":"Marshall L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Prevalence and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking Among Indian Expatriates Living in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Ahmad M. S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of International Oral Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_403_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.39367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr\u20101692"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495956"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13241"},{"volume-title":"The Cell: A Molecular Approach","year":"2000","author":"Cooper G.","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/168125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885\u2010021\u201008800\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech\u20102016\u2010207805"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.31190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cytological Changes of the Oral Mucosa Among Smokers in Al Madinah Al Munawara Using Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Counts and Papanicolaus Stain","volume":"39","author":"Patel P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070\u2010023\u201004433\u20106"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"2290","article-title":"Assessment of Oral Epithelium Cytomorphological Changes Among Water Pipe Smokers","volume":"3","author":"Agabeldour A. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Academic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866\u2010023\u201002712\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12147","article-title":"Prevalence of High\u2010Risk Human Papillomavirus Type 16 and 18 in Oral and Cervical Cancers in Populations From Gujarat, West India","volume":"43","author":"Patel K. R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.09.006"}],"container-title":["Diagnostic Cytopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dc.25420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T09:40:56Z","timestamp":1735724456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dc.25420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dc.25420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dc.25420","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-1039","1097-0339"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"8755-1039"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-0339"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}