{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:38:18Z","timestamp":1783535898811,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,8]],"date-time":"2014-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Development Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:table-wrap position=\"anchor\">\n\n<jats:table frame=\"hsides\">\n<jats:col\/>\n<jats:col\/>\n<jats:tbody>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>Clinical Development Phases I\u2010III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<\/jats:tbody>\n<\/jats:table>\n\n<\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p><jats:p>There are five tumor necrosis factor alpha (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1) inhibitors available for clinical use that have demonstrated efficacy as monotherapy or in combination with other anti\u2010inflammatory or disease\u2010modifying anti\u2010rheumatic drugs (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMARDs<\/jats:styled-content>) in the treatment of immune\u2010mediated diseases. These include the anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 monoclonal antibodies infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol, and the fusion protein, etanercept. The use of pharmacogenetic testing has the potential to increase drug efficiency by identifying genetic factors responsible for a lack of response to, or toxicities from, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 inhibitors, and could be used to individualize therapy. Several studies have reported associations between genetic polymorphisms and the response to etanercept, but most are small and insufficiently powered to detect effect, and markers tend to be more prognostic than predictive of therapeutic response. Limitations of pharmacogenetic studies include the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNPs<\/jats:styled-content>), genes in linkage with other loci, interaction of environmental factors, and cohort heterogeneity, all of which can complicate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and treatment response. Further studies are needed for pharmacogenetics to become a routine part of daily clinical therapeutic practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,8]],"date-time":"2014-11-08T08:02:04Z","timestamp":1415433724000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pharmacogenetics and Future Therapeutic Scenarios: What Affects the Prediction of Response to Treatment with Etanercept?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Murdaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Clinical immunology Unit University of Genoa  Genoa 16132 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Gulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Ophthalmology and Genetics\u2014Section of Medical Genetics University of Genoa  Genoa 16132 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