{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:24:10Z","timestamp":1760401450428,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Development Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:table-wrap position=\"anchor\">\n\n<jats:table frame=\"hsides\">\n<jats:col\/>\n<jats:tbody>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>Preclinical Research<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<\/jats:tbody>\n<\/jats:table>\n<\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p><jats:p>Drug combinations are routinely used in the treatment of pain. In drug associations, adjuvants such as caffeine, are employed with different non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatories drugs (NSAIDs), however, at present does not exist studies showing the effect of the combination of racemic flurbiprofen (<jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur) in association with caffeine. The objective of this work was to evaluate the combination of <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur\u2009+\u2009caffeine oral in arthritic gout\u2010type pain in rats. The antinociceptive effects of the <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur alone and in combination with caffeine were analyzed on a pain\u2010induced functional impairment model in rat. <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur induced a dose\u2010dependent antinociceptive effect and caffeine did not present any effect. The combination of <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur and caffeine achieve a higher percentage of antinociceptive effect compared with the individual administration of <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur. The dose\u2010response curve (DRCs) shows that the combination of <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur (31.6 mg\/kg)\u2009+\u2009caffeine (17.8 mg\/kg) exhibited the maximal antinociceptive efficacy (294.0\u2009\u00b1\u200921.2 area units), while <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur alone (31.6 mg\/kg) showed 207.2\u2009\u00b1\u200935.2 au, thus indicating an increase in efficacy (potentiation). Furthermore, the DRCs of the combinations presented a displacement to the left, indicating a change in the potency. Caffeine is able to increase the effect of <jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>\u2010Flur in the arthritic gout\u2010type pain in rats. Drug Dev Res 77 : 192\u2013198, 2016. \u2003\u2003\u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T03:17:02Z","timestamp":1464664622000},"page":"192-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antinociceptive Effect of Racemic Flurbiprofen and Caffeine Co\u2010Administration in an Arthritic Gout\u2010Type Pain in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Li\u00e9vano\u2010Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco CDMX 04960 M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herm\u00ednia Ines","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco CDMX 04960 M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Sol\u00eds\u2010Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco CDMX 04960 M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osmar Antonio","family":"Jaramillo\u2010Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio No.7 \u201cDolor y Analgesia\u201d del Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Cinvestav\u2010Sede Sur Calz. de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. 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