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However, these bioactivities have been hampered by chemical instability, poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and low bioavailability of PAP. Therefore, this study was aimed at optimizing the liposomal formulation of Triacylglycerol\u2010bound punicic acid with its regioisomers (TPAR) for improved oral bioavailability and increased hepatoprotection through antioxidation and anti\u2010inflammation. Herein, the optimized TPAR nanoliposome (TPAR\u2010NL) was developed using thin\u2010film dispersion method and subsequently characterized with appropriate indices. The optimized TPAR\u2010NL produced fairly stable spherical nanoparticles (\u02c2\u2009200\u2009nm) with encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of 85.77%, as well as enhanced in vitro release and improved oral bioavailability. The TPAR\u2010NL exhibited profound antihepatotoxic effect in mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) via reduction of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels compared with free TPAR. The TPAR\u2010loaded liposome also significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels while lowering malonaldehyde concentration compared with the free TPAR. The TPAR\u2010LNF further exhibited remarkable anti\u2010inflammatory activity compared with the free drug via inhibition of interleukin\u20106 and tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha generation. Thus, the developed nanoliposomes potentiated the antihepatotoxic activity of TPAR via antioxidation and anti\u2010inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,10]],"date-time":"2018-11-10T04:41:45Z","timestamp":1541824905000},"page":"230-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Preparation, optimization, and pharmacokinetic study of nanoliposomes loaded with triacylglycerol\u2010bound punicic acid for increased antihepatotoxic activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6635-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Adu\u2010Frimpong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang P.R. 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