{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:39:08Z","timestamp":1786977548060,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011512","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Development Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The WHO has stated that antibiotic resistance is escalating to perilously high levels globally and that traditional therapies of antimicrobial drugs are futile against infections caused by resistant microorganisms. Novel antimicrobial drugs are therefore required. We report in this study on the inhibitory activity of the 1,4\u2010naphthoquinone\u20102,3\u2010bis\u2010sulfides and 1,4\u2010naphthoquinone sulfides against two bacteria and a fungus to determine their antimicrobial properties. The 1,4\u2010naphthoquinone sulfides have potent activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7.8 \u03bcg\/mL against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (Gram +ve), an MIC of 23.4 \u03bcg\/mL against the fungus,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , which was better than that of Amphotericin B (MIC\u2009=\u200931.3 \u03bcg\/mL), and against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (Gram \u2212ve) an MIC of 31.3 \u03bcg\/mL was obtained. The 1,4\u2010naphthoquinone had an MIC of 11.7 \u03bcg\/mL against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and the 1,4\u2010naphthohydroquinone also had the same activity against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    .\n                    <jats:table-wrap position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:table frame=\"hsides\">\n                        <jats:col\/>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td>Hit, Lead &amp; Candidate Discovery<\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T14:05:46Z","timestamp":1546610746000},"page":"386-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Investigation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of thiolated naphthoquinones"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4242-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Wellington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR Biosciences  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomgqibelo B. P.","family":"Nyoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria  Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndy J.","family":"McGaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria  Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"DC01","article-title":"Evaluation of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their association with biofilm production in a tertiary care hospital, Tripura, Northeast India","volume":"9","author":"Bhattacharya S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00009-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.08.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Synthesis, computational and antimicrobial studies of new 1,4\u2010naphthoquinone aminothiazole derivatives","volume":"61","author":"Buchkevych I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemine Thechnologija"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652004000300004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-011-9209-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957563"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532012005000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17415993.2016.1187734"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-012-0300-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.68535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28616-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"2125","article-title":"Chemical reaction of 5\u2010substituted 1,4\u2010naphthoquinones with crotonaldehyde\u2010N,N\u2010dimethylhydrazone and investigation of derived compounds antimicrobial activity","volume":"7","author":"Polovkovych S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12691\/ajmbr-1-1-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106828"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2gc35926j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201200606"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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