{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:20:24Z","timestamp":1790997624838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Development Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study evaluated the neuroprotective potential of a combination therapy using liraglutide (LIRA), an antidiabetic agent, and rivastigmine (RIVA), a standard treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), in a rat model of aluminum chloride (AlCl\u2083)\u2010induced AD. Male rats were divided into five groups: control, AD (AlCl\u2083,75\u2009mg\/kg for 60 days), RIVA\u2010treated (1\u2009mg\/kg daily for 6 weeks), LIRA\u2010treated (300\u2009\u00b5g\/kg daily for 6 weeks), and combination\u2010treated (LIRA\u2009+\u2009RIVA). Cognitive function was assessed behaviorally, and hippocampal biomarkers related to AD\u2014such as microtubule\u2010associated protein Tau (MAPt), Beta\u2010Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1), Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1\/p62), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity\u2014were evaluated. Histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy were also assessed. The levels of MAPt, BACE1, SQSTM1\/p62, and AChE in the LIRA\u2009+\u2009RIVA group were 11.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.467\u2009ng\/mL, 1069\u2009\u00b1\u200980.1\u2009pg\/mL, 408.7\u2009\u00b1\u200919.41\u2009pg\/mL, and 0.805\u2009\u00b1\u20090.342\u2009\u00b5mol of acetylthiocholine iodide hydrolyzed\/min\/g of tissue, respectively. These levels were significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) when compared with the AlCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    group. Histological findings supported these biochemical data, indicating enhanced neuroprotection. LIRA may have a potential neuroprotective effect due to the rise in AChE, BACE1, (SQSTM1\/p62) amyloid beta (A\u03b2), and caspase\u20103 levels induced by AlCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Co\u2010administration of LIRA and RIVA provided superior neuroprotective effects compared with RIVA alone, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for preserving cognitive function in AD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.70160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:44:48Z","timestamp":1758876288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Liraglutide and\/or Rivastigmine Combination on the Rat Hippocampus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Raafat A.","family":"Abdel\u2010Aal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Salem","family":"Hareedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Mutah University Karak Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-7175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia M.","family":"Badary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1961-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Abdelnabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer M. 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