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Due to their small size, stability, and high specificity, nanobodies have gained significant attention for therapeutic and diagnostic applications across various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Their structural simplicity allows efficient production in microbial systems, offering a scalable and cost\u2010effective alternative to traditional monoclonal antibodies. In cancer, nanobodies are effective for targeted drug delivery, improved tumor imaging, and enhanced penetration into solid tumors. Moreover, the versatility of engineered nanobodies extends to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, where they may possess the ability to cross the blood\u2010brain barrier, allowing for targeted delivery within the central nervous system. Additionally, nanobodies demonstrate promise in neutralizing toxins, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and modulating the immune system, showcasing their adaptability in treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. Despite their advantages, challenges such as limited half\u2010life, potential immunogenicity, and regulatory hurdles remain. 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