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When the constellation of symptoms is suggestive of mitochondrial disease, neuroimaging features may be diagnostic and suggestive, can help direct further workup, and can help to further characterize the underlying brain abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging changes may be nonspecific, such as atrophy (both general and involving specific structures, such as cerebellum), more suggestive of particular disorders such as focal and often bilateral lesions confined to deep brain nuclei, or clearly characteristic of a given disorder such as stroke\u2010like lesions that do not respect vascular boundaries in mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke\u2010like episode (MELAS). White matter hyperintensities with or without associated gray matter involvement may also be observed. Across patients and discrete disease subtypes (e.g., MELAS, Leigh syndrome, etc.), patterns of these features are helpful for diagnosis. However, it is also true that marked variability in expression occurs in all mitochondrial disease subtypes, illustrative of the complexity of the disease process. The present review summarizes the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis and characterization of patients with suspected mitochondrial disease. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2010;16:129\u2013135.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,10]],"date-time":"2010-09-10T08:36:30Z","timestamp":1284107790000},"page":"129-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The use of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Seth D.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis W. 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