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Maternal behavior, mother depressive symptoms, and infant cardiac vagal tone were assessed in the neonatal period. Infant\u2013mother and infant\u2013father synchrony, maternal and paternal affectionate touch, and the home environment were observed at 3 months. Premature birth was associated with higher maternal depression, less maternal behaviors, decreased infant alertness, and lower coordination of maternal behavior with infant alertness in the neonatal period. At 3 months, interactions between premature infants with their mothers and fathers were less synchronous. Interaction effects of premature birth and autonomic maturity indicated that preterm infants with low vagal tone received the lowest amounts of maternal behavior in the postpartum and the least maternal touch at 3 months. Infant\u2013mother and infant\u2013father synchrony were each predicted by cardiac vagal tone and maternal postpartum behavior in both the preterm and full\u2010term groups. Among preterm infants, additional predictors of parent\u2013infant synchrony were maternal depression (mother only) and the home environment (mother and father). Findings are consistent with evolutionary perspectives on the higher susceptibility of dysregulated infants to rearing contexts and underscore the compensatory mechanisms required for social\u2010emotional growth under risk conditions for parent\u2013infant bonding. \u00a9 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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