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Eight hours following \u201chandling\u201d there was an increase in the number of Fos positive cells in the hippocampus, the parietal and occipital cortex. We also recorded maternal behavior during the 8 hr following \u201chandling.\u201d \u201cHandled\u201d pups received increased maternal licking during the 4 hr following the end of \u201chandling.\u201d Furthermore, the number of Fos positive cells detected in each of the three brain areas 8 hr following \u201chandling\u201d was positively correlated with the amount of licking up to 8 hr following \u201chandling.\u201d These results indicate that the increased maternal care could underlie the handling\u2010induced increase in Fos. The Fos protein, acting as a transcription factor, controls the expression of downstream genes, whose products may mediate the effects of \u201cneonatal handling\u201d on the developing rat brain. \u00a9 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 704\u2010713, 2008.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,7]],"date-time":"2008-08-07T16:13:20Z","timestamp":1218125600000},"page":"704-713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neonatal handling on the first postnatal day leads to increased maternal behavior and fos levels in the brain of the newborn 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