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However, studies with military samples examining whether there are individual differences in these changes as part of normal development, or as an adaptive mechanism in adulthood are lacking. This study examined whether exposure to combat in a sample of veterans was associated with differential endocrine activity to a laboratory frustration task. Results indicated that Army veterans demonstrated significant testosterone reactivity to frustration and negative coupling between cortisol and testosterone. Alternatively, Navy and Marine veterans demonstrated little testosterone reactivity to frustration and positive coupling between cortisol and testosterone. Positive cortisol\u2010testosterone coupling was stronger among individuals who had more dangerous combat experiences. This latter pattern may better prepare individuals for stressful life experiences and supports the contention that adulthood stressors may calibrate endocrine systems. Results are explained in the context of the Adaptive Calibration Model (Ellis et al., 2012, Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 598\u2013623) which proposes that exposure to key environmental dimensions during endocrinologically malleable life stages (e.g., puberty) can change stress responsivity, resulting in a faster life history trajectory (e.g., increased risk\u2010taking and aggression). \u00a9 2014 <jats:italic>Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:italic>. Dev Psychobiol 57: 719\u2013730, 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T16:06:30Z","timestamp":1412179590000},"page":"719-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experiences in the military may impact dual\u2010axis neuroendocrine processes in veterans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bobadilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles George VA Medical Center Asheville NC"},{"name":"Oregon State Hospital Salem OR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kia","family":"Asberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles George VA Medical Center Asheville NC"},{"name":"Western Carolina University Cullowhee NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkley CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Shirtcliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa State University Aimes IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.03.019"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_5_3_1.1","unstructured":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (2012).Medical Surveillance Monthly Report 19"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_5_3_1.2","unstructured":"(5) 1-20. 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