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The fact that the infant\u2010caregiver relationship is critically important for infant functioning across all altricial species, and that the anatomical circuits supporting emotional functioning are highly preserved across different species, suggests that the results of studies examining the role of early adversity and emotional functioning should be translatable across species. Here we present findings from four different research laboratories, using three different species, which have converged on a similar finding: adversity accelerates the developmental trajectory of amygdala\u2010prefrontal cortex (PFC) development and modifies emotional behaviors. First, a rodent model of attachment learning associated with adversity is presented showing precocial disruption of attachment learning and emergence of heightened fear learning and emotionality. Second, a model of infant\u2010mother separation is presented in which early adversity is shown to accelerate the developmental emergence of adult\u2010like fear retention and extinction. Third, a model of early life adversity in Rhesus monkeys is presented in which a naturally occurring variation in maternal\u2010care (abuse) is shown to alter the functioning of emotion circuits. Finally, a human model of maternal deprivation is presented in which children born into orphanages and then adopted abroad exhibit aberrant development of emotion circuits. The convergence of these cross\u2010species studies on early life adversity suggests that adversity targets the amygdala and PFC and has immediate impact on infant behavior with the caregiver, and emotional reactions to the world. These results provide insight into mechanisms responsible for caregiver induced mental health trajectory alterations. \u00a9 2014 <jats:italic>Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:italic>. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1635\u20131650, 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T10:26:01Z","timestamp":1412677561000},"page":"1635-1650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["The international society for developmental psychobiology Sackler symposium: Early adversity and the maturation of emotion circuits\u2014A cross\u2010species analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Bridget L.","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Columbia University New York City NY 10027"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina M.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences School of Medicine Emory University and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nim","family":"Tottenham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Columbia University New York City NY 10027"},{"name":"Department of Psychology at the University of California Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1127008"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00245-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Ontogeny of nociception and antinociception","volume":"158","author":"Barr G. 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