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This study examined the moderating role of child temperamental effortful control on the association between observed parental hostility and parents' cortisol awakening response (CAR), a critical index of stress system functioning. Participants included 149 parents and their preschool\u2010aged children. Parents obtained salivary cortisol samples at waking, and 30 and 45\u2009min post\u2010waking across two consecutive days. Parental hostility was assessed during an observational parent\u2013child interaction task, and child effortful control was assessed using parent report. Parental hostility was associated with parents' lower cortisol levels at 30 and 45\u2009min post\u2010waking and lower CAR. Moreover, results demonstrated an interaction between parenting and child temperament on parent CAR. The findings highlight the need to examine the interplay between parenting and child temperament on parents' stress physiology. \u00a9 2015 <jats:italic>Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:italic>. 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