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Participants were 394 urban dwelling, primarily African American, youth (50% male, age 11\u201312 years). Parent\u2010reported child behavior problems were obtained initially, 3, 6, and 12 months later. Saliva samples (collected at the initial assessment) were assayed for cortisol (HPA) and alpha\u2010amylase (ANS). Cross\u2010domain latent class growth analysis identified a stable comorbid trajectory and four other distinct short\u2010term developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. ANS arousal was negatively associated with the probability of stable comorbidity, but only among youth who also had <jats:italic>high<\/jats:italic> levels of HPA axis activity. Findings underscore the predictive value of the interaction of HPA axis activity and ANS arousal in differentiating children with stable comorbidity and have important implications for etiological theories and treatment outcome research. \u00a9 <jats:italic>2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc<\/jats:italic>. Dev Psychobiol 58: 393\u2013405, 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]],"date-time":"2015-11-14T07:10:40Z","timestamp":1447485040000},"page":"393-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal activity and autonomic nervous system arousal predict developmental trajectories of children's comorbid behavior problems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Frances R.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology University of Pennsylvania Phialdelphia PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Raine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology University of Pennsylvania Phialdelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Prevention of Youth Behavior Problems, Department of Psychology University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research Arizona State University Tempe AZ"},{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and School of Medicine Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Achenbach T. 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