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In a large population\u2010based cohort study (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,776), we investigated whether mild perinatal adversity moderated the association between maternal harsh parenting and children's hair cortisol levels, a biomarker of chronic stress. Mild perinatal adversity was defined as late preterm birth (gestational age at birth of 34\u201337 weeks, 6 days) or small for gestational age (birth weight between the 2.5th and 10th percentile for full term gestational age). Harsh parenting was assessed by maternal self\u2010report at 3 years. Children's hair cortisol concentrations were measured from hair samples collected at age 6. There were no significant bivariate associations between mild perinatal adversities and harsh parenting and hair cortisol. However, mild perinatal adversities moderated the association between maternal harsh parenting and hair cortisol levels. Children with mild perinatal adversity had lower cortisol levels if parented more harshly and higher cortisol levels in the absence of harsh parenting than children who did not experience mild perinatal adversity. These results provide further evidence that mild perinatal adversity is a potential marker of differential susceptibility to environmental influences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T17:54:06Z","timestamp":1489514046000},"page":"324-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Mild perinatal adversities moderate the association between maternal harsh parenting and hair cortisol: Evidence for differential susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Dafna A.","family":"Windhorst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus University Medical Center\u2010Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph C.A.","family":"Rippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viara R.","family":"Mileva\u2010Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus University Medical Center\u2010Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank C.","family":"Verhulst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus University Medical Center\u2010Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent W.V.","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Noppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth F.C.","family":"van Rossum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica L.T.","family":"van den Akker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus University Medical Center\u2010Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marinus H.","family":"van IJzendoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences Erasmus University Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian J.","family":"Bakermans\u2010Kranenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child and Family Studies Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Preschool forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. 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