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Interfacing prenatal programming and differential susceptibility hypotheses, we tested whether individuals with ELBW in different childhood rearing environments showed different attention biases to positive and negative facial emotions in adulthood. Using the oldest known, prospectively followed cohort of ELBW survivors, we found that relative to normal birth weight controls (NBW; &gt;2,500 grams), ELBW survivors displayed the highest and lowest attention bias to happy faces at age 30\u201335, depending on whether their total family income at age 8 was relatively low (environmental match) or high (environmental mismatch), respectively. This bias to happy faces was associated with a reduced likelihood of emotional problems. Findings suggest that differential susceptibility to positive emotions may be prenatally programmed, with effects lasting into adulthood. We discuss implications for integrating prenatal programming and differential susceptibility hypotheses, and the developmental origins of postnatal plasticity and resilience.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T12:52:42Z","timestamp":1493988762000},"page":"715-722","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Developmental programming of happiness"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Offord Center for Child Studies McMaster Children's Hospital Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study (MiNDS) Program McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paz","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayelet","family":"Lahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alva","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Mathewson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Saigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offord Center for Child Studies McMaster Children's Hospital Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offord Center for Child Studies McMaster Children's Hospital Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study (MiNDS) Program McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile","year":"1983","author":"Achenbach T. 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