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To investigate effects of disuse on early\u2010developing motor skills, we examined crawling in two groups of habitual crawlers (34 6\u201312\u2010month\u2010old infants and five adults with Uner Tan Syndrome) and two groups of rusty crawlers (27 11\u201312\u2010year\u2010old children and 13 college\u2010aged adults). Habitual crawlers showed striking similarities in gait patterns, limbs supporting the body, and crawling speed, despite dramatic differences in crawling practice, posture, and body size. Habitual crawlers trotted predominantly, whereas rusty crawlers showed a variety of gait patterns. Within sequences, habitual crawlers and children showed more switches in gait patterns than young adults. Children crawled faster and kept fewer limbs on the grounds than the other groups. Old crawling patterns were retained despite disuse, but new ones were also added. Surprisingly, results indicate that nothing was lost with disuse, but some features of crawling were gained or altered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]],"date-time":"2018-11-17T03:31:47Z","timestamp":1542425507000},"page":"29-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Use it or lose it? Effects of age, experience, and disuse on crawling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-4738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whitney G.","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York University New York City New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2231-8138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrix","family":"Vereijken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse W.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott R.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Ethological Laboratories Olympia Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Adolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York University New York City New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612446346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Handbook of intra\u2010individual variability across the lifespan","author":"Adolph K. 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