{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:59:29Z","timestamp":1788893969091,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Einhorn Family Charitable Trust"},{"name":"The Fleur Fairman Family"},{"name":"Mary Dexter Stephenson"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Preterm infants have maturational delays in several neurobehavioral systems. This study assesses the impact of the Family Nurture Intervention (FNI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on the maturation of autonomic regulation of preterm infants. Preterm infants born at 26\u201334\u00a0weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) were assigned to groups receiving either standard care (SC) or SC plus FNI, using a randomized controlled trial design. At two collection time points, approximately 35\u00a0weeks and 41\u00a0weeks PMA, electrocardiograms (ECG) were monitored for approximately 1\u00a0hour during sleep. Heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were quantified from the ECG. Across the two time points, the FNI group exhibited greater increases in RSA (Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.35) and slope between RSA and heart rate, as a measure of vagal efficiency (Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.62). These results document that FNI resulted in enhanced autonomic regulation consistent with greater maturation of cardiac function. These and previous findings strongly suggest that facilitating early nurturing interactions and emotional connection between preterm infants and their mothers is a practicable and effective means of optimizing postnatal development in preterm infants. Interpretation of these autonomic function results also enriches our understanding of the potential long\u2010term beneficial outcomes of FNI by drawing upon polyvagal theory, which explains how autonomic state provides a neurophysiological platform for optimal co\u2010regulation between infant and caregiver, and by drawing upon calming cycle theory, which provides a model for understanding how repeated mother\/infant calming interactions positively condition autonomic state and reinforce approach, prosocial behaviors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T22:58:54Z","timestamp":1552517934000},"page":"942-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Autonomic regulation of preterm infants is enhanced by Family Nurture Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Porges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Stress Research Consortium Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria I.","family":"Davila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory F.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Stress Research Consortium Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Engineering Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Kolacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Stress Research Consortium Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Okonmah\u2010Obazee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amie Ashley","family":"Hane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Williams College Williamstown Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie Y.","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Medical Center New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Columbia University Medical Center New York New 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