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These scientific findings and rising awareness within the healthcare profession give rise to a need for an integrative framework to understand the developmental mechanisms that give rise to these observations. In this paper, we introduce a plausible explanatory framework, based on the Polyvagal Theory (Porges, <jats:italic>Psychophysiology<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>32<\/jats:bold>, 301\u2013318, 1995; Porges, <jats:italic>International Journal of Psychophysiology<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>42<\/jats:bold>, 123\u2013146, 2001; Porges, <jats:italic>Biological Psychology<\/jats:italic>, <jats:bold>74<\/jats:bold>, 116\u2013143, 2007), which describes how evolution impacted the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The Polyvagal Theory provides organizing principles for understanding the development of adaptive diversity in homeostatic, threat\u2010response, and psychosocial functions that contribute to pathology. Using these principles, we outline possible mechanisms that promote and maintain socioemotional and GI dysfunction and review their implications for therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T10:56:37Z","timestamp":1554548197000},"page":"796-809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Traumatic stress and the autonomic brain\u2010gut connection in development: Polyvagal Theory as an integrative framework for psychosocial and gastrointestinal pathology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4503-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kolacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Stress Research Consortium at the Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja K.","family":"Kovacic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology &amp; Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Porges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Stress Research Consortium at the Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.097287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Introduction \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude de la m\u00e9decine exp\u00e9rimentale","author":"Bernard C.","year":"1865"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2012.0602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00233-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.05.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1929.9.3.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2010.16.4.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.55147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00090-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400852727"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-009-9111-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00255-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-11-828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00343.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(90)90077-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.163162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"2209","article-title":"Impaired parasympathetic function increases susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model of depression","volume":"118","author":"Ghia J. 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