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However, much is still unknown about the potential long\u2010term effects of prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure. This study explored the long\u2010term effects of prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure in a cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a041) of children, aged 9\u201311\u00a0years, using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) to measure cognitive development and salivary cortisol samples to measure HPA\u2010axis activity. Prenatally exposed children scored significantly lower on all four subtests of WASI (vocabulary, similarities, block design, and matrix reasoning), compared to a comparison group (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). No group differences were found for salivary cortisol levels or cortisol reactivity levels (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0.05). Cortisol levels significantly predicted matrix reasoning scores for the OMT group, <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u221265.58, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>(20)\u00a0=\u00a015.70, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.02. Findings suggest that prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine does not have long\u2010term effects on children's HPA\u2010axis functioning. However, since children of women in OMT scored significantly lower on tasks of cognitive function, careful follow\u2010up throughout the school years and across adolescence is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]],"date-time":"2019-09-29T01:00:55Z","timestamp":1569718855000},"page":"409-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Salivary cortisol levels relate to cognitive performance in children prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5732-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolien","family":"Konijnenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Lillehammer Norway"},{"name":"Cognitive Developmental Research Unit Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Melinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Developmental Research Unit Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Oslo University Hospital Child\u2010 and Adolescents Mental Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000210042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00863.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00698-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e318047b775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(81)90409-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559505285779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00033-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171500046X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450701820944"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450590521082"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"Methadone\u2010maintained mothers: 3\u2010year follow\u2010up of parental functioning","volume":"20","author":"Fiks K. 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