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However, little work has identified the neurobiological mechanisms linking early cumulative risk and cognitive functioning. The current study examined the impact of cumulative risk assessed during early childhood on neural and cognitive outcomes measured 3\u00a0years later when children were school\u2010aged. Participants included 63 children assessed during preschool (age: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04.23\u00a0years, <jats:italic>SD\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.84) and 3\u00a0years later (age: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07.19\u00a0years, <jats:italic>SD\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.89). Early cumulative risk was defined by the presence of low family income, a single parent household, low parental education, child exposure to parental depression, child exposure to high parental hostility, and high levels of stressful life events. Children's exposure to stressors in the past year, cognitive abilities, and brain structure were assessed at follow\u2010up. Early cumulative risk was prospectively associated with reduced total gray matter volume, cortex volume, right superior parietal and inferior parietal thickness, and poorer attention shifting and memory. Right superior parietal thickness mediated associations between early risk and recall memory. Results highlight neural variations associated with early cumulative risk and suggest potential neural pathways from early risk to later childhood cognitive impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T08:05:33Z","timestamp":1581581133000},"page":"192-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Early childhood cumulative risk is associated with decreased global brain measures, cortical thickness, and cognitive functioning in school\u2010age children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Chad\u2010Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Botdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Riggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea R.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ets2.12148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/1380-3395(200008)22:4;1-0;FT518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12952"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2802_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Children's memory scale manual","author":"Cohen M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417001444"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9763-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.6.1428"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J146v04n02_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Teaching tasks administration and scoring manual","author":"Egeland B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment","author":"Egger H. 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