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First, the study\u00a0investigates the effects of early rearing\u00a0experiences on the maternal behavior of first\u2010generation mothers (rates of premature infant rejection) and, second, the study\u00a0investigates the effects of maternal rejection on the behavior of second\u2010generation infants. Rhesus macaque mother\u2013infant dyads (<jats:italic>Macaca mulatta\u2014N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0176) were observed twice weekly, with each session lasting 300\u00a0s. First\u2010generation mothers were raised in one of three conditions: as mother\u2010reared controls (MR; [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a095]), in peer groups (PR; raised without adults but with constant access to three same\u2010aged peers [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a049]), or with an inanimate surrogate (SPR; raised with an inanimate fleece\u2010covered, surrogate mother and limited daily peer\u2010group interactions [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a032]). Second\u2010generation infants were all raised by their differentially reared mothers and statistically grouped into one of two groups: those that were rejected by their mothers beginning at a more\u2010typical weaning age (controls), starting in the third month of life (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0108), and those that were prematurely rejected, with mothers showing rejections before the third month of infant\u00a0life (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a068). Overall, PR mothers exhibited the highest rates of premature infant rejection, except for month 1 of infant life, when SPR mothers exhibited the highest rates of rejection. Intriguingly, after month 1, SPR mothers showed high rates of infant cradling and seldom rejected their infants. Independent of their mothers\u2019 early rearing environment, prematurely rejected infants displayed more aggression and passive vigilance, and were cradled and groomed less by their mothers, and there was evidence that the overall rates of rejection after the first 2\u00a0months of life had a cumulative negative effect on the developing infant. <jats:italic>Post hoc<\/jats:italic> analyses of plasma cortisol levels showed that the prematurely rejected infants had higher cortisol concentrations, suggesting a high level of stress in the prematurely rejected infants. These results suggest that maternal presence during infancy has long\u2010term effects on a female's future maternal skills which, in turn, have intergenerational\u00a0consequences for the socioemotional development of second\u2010generation infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T02:29:59Z","timestamp":1583980199000},"page":"920-931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Intergenerational effects of mother's early rearing experience on offspring treatment and socioemotional development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Sproul Bassett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6407-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Lindell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Comparative Behavioral Genomics National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIH Rockville MD USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Studies National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIH Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Schwandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Studies National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIH Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina S.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Comparative Behavioral Genomics National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIH Rockville MD USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Studies National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIH Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Suomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Comparative Ethology Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Poolesville MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Higley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.107.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.10071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00852.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000949"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31390-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557462"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.99.2.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98077-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Naturalistic behavior of nonhuman primates","author":"Carpenter C. 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