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Oxytocin (OT) has been linked with maternal bonding and caregiving, but less is known about the role of OT in human fatherhood and paternal caregiving. A systematic review of methods and findings of previous OT research in human fathers was carried. The literature search on PubMed and Scopus yielded 133 records. Twenty\u2010four studies were included and analyzed. Significant variability emerged in OT methodology, including laboratory tasks, assessment methods, and outcome measures. Fathers\u2019 OT levels appear to increase after childbirth. OT was significantly correlated with less hostility and with the quality of paternal physical stimulation in play interactions, but not with paternal sensitivity. Fathers\u2019 and children's OT levels were significantly correlated in a limited subset of studies, intriguingly suggesting that cross\u2010generational OT regulation may occur during the early years of life. This study highlights relevant issues and limitations of peripheral OT assessment in human subjects, especially in fathers. Although the study of paternal neuroendocrinology appears promising, coping with these issues requires dedicated efforts and methodological suggestions are provided to guide future advances in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T08:42:06Z","timestamp":1615452126000},"page":"1330-1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A systematic review of human paternal oxytocin: Insights into the methodology and what we know so far"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4353-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Grumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Saracino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2806-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda L.","family":"Volling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7424-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Provenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402569111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-52-5-988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.10165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012669107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2013.798425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716211413731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.104662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00798-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1384.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Neuroendocrine regulation of lactation and milk production","volume":"5","author":"Crowley W. 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