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Error monitoring is thought to develop throughout childhood and adolescence. However, most of this evidence comes from studies in late childhood and adolescence utilizing event\u2010related potentials (ERPs). The current study utilizes time\u2013frequency (TF) and connectivity analyses to provide a comprehensive examination of age\u2010related changes in error\u2010monitoring processes across early childhood (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0326; 50.9% females; 4\u20139\u00a0years). ERP analyses indicated the presence of the error\u2010related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) across all ages. Results showed no error\u2010specific age\u2010related changes in the ERN and the Pe. However, TF analyses suggested error\u2010related frontocentral responses in delta and theta signal strength (power), delta consistency (intertrial phase synchrony), and delta synchrony (interchannel phase synchrony) between frontrocentral and frontolateral clusters\u2014all of which increased with age. Additionally, the current study examines the reliability and effect size estimates of the ERP and TF measures. For most measures, more trials were needed to achieve acceptable reliability than what is commonly used in the psychophysiological literature. Resources to facilitate the measurement and reporting of reliability are provided. Overall, findings highlight the utility of TF analyses and provide useful information for future studies examining the development of error monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T14:11:53Z","timestamp":1646057513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Time\u2013frequency dynamics of error monitoring in childhood: An\u00a0EEG study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9850-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California 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