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This study examined whether (1) midfrontal theta oscillations similarly support conflict monitoring in children and adults, and (2) performance monitoring difficulty influences conflict monitoring and resolution. Children (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a025) and adults (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a024) completed a flanker task with fair or rigged response feedback. Relative to adults, children showed a smaller congruency effect on midfrontal theta power, overall lower midfrontal theta power and coherence, and (unlike adults) no correlation between midfrontal theta power and N2 amplitude, suggesting that reduced neural communication efficiency contributes to less efficient conflict monitoring in children than adults. In both age groups, response feedback fairness affected response times and the P3, but neither midfrontal theta oscillations nor the N2, indicating that performance monitoring difficulty influenced conflict resolution but not conflict monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T23:31:48Z","timestamp":1637710308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Midfrontal theta oscillations and conflict monitoring in children and adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren V.","family":"Hadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Sciences\u2014Scottish Section Glasgow Royal Infirmary University of Nottingham  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kullen","family":"Balthrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Counseling Services Murray State University  Murray Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803.23.4.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.04.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704320104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2019.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800376105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12861"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iani C. 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