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However, their early childhood predictors remain vastly undocumented. The present study aimed to examine whether early indicators of reactivity in situations of unfamiliarity such as behavioral inhibition, affect, and cortisol independently, or in interaction with emotion regulation as indexed by vagal tone, predict later social wariness and preference for solitude. Participants were 1209 children from the Quebec Newborn Twin Study. Vagal tone was assessed at 5 months, and behavioral inhibition, affect, and cortisol were assessed at 19 months in situations of unfamiliarity. Mothers, teachers, and peers evaluated social wariness and preference for solitude repeatedly from 4 to 10 years old. Findings show that three temperamental dimensions, social inhibition, nonsocial inhibition, and affect accounted for the variability in reactions to unfamiliarity. Behavioral inhibition to social unfamiliarity at 19 months predicted social wariness during the preschool years. Poor vagal regulation at 5 months exacerbated the risk associated with negative affect at 19 months to predict preference for solitude during the preschool years. Overall, results show that social wariness and preference for solitude may follow different developmental pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T13:29:53Z","timestamp":1669210193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early temperamental and biological predictors of dimensions of social withdrawal in childhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Morneau\u2010Vaillancourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Ouellet\u2010Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de criminologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Pouliot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Poliakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lysandre","family":"Provost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Forget\u2010Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Matte\u2010Gagn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1475-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Petitclerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara R.","family":"Brendgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vitaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psycho\u00e9ducation Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partements de p\u00e9diatrie et de psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginette","family":"Dionne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de psychologie Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist\/4\u201018 and 1991 profile","author":"Achenbach T. 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