{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:34:17Z","timestamp":1787938457304,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Porges\u2019 polyvagal theory (1991) proposes that the activity of the vagal nerve modulates moment\u2010by\u2010moment changes in adaptive behavior during stress. However, most work, including research with infants, has only examined vagal changes at low temporal resolutions, averaging 30+ s across phases of structured stressor paradigms. Thus, the true timescale of vagal regulation\u2014and the extent to which it can be observed during unprompted crying\u2014is unknown. The current study utilized a recently validated method to calculate respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) dynamically at a high resolution of 5\u00a0Hz (updated every 200\u00a0ms) in a home\u2010based infant study. Using an event\u2010related analysis, we calculated the relative change in RSA around the onset of naturally occurring unprompted instances of\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a041 infants\u2019 180 crying events. As predicted, RSA significantly decreased after the onset of crying compared to non\u2010crying chance changes in RSA. Decreasing trends in RSA were driven by infants with higher pre\u2010cry RSA values, infants rated lower in Negative Affectivity, and those rated both high and low in Orienting by their mothers. Our results display the timescale of RSA in spontaneous and naturalistic episodes of infant crying and that these dynamic RSA patterns are aligned with real\u2010time levels of RSA and also caregiver\u2010reported temperament.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T12:16:28Z","timestamp":1695989788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Spontaneous infant crying modulates vagal activity in real time"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1380-1814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Madden\u2010Rusnak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Micheletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaya","family":"de Barbaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22161"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2021.101569"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00350"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2021.101586"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.613378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2010.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12217"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131844"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108721.2007.00532.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12644"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130170"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(02)00169-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12428"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1376.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163\u20106383(91)90024\u2010M"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Infant temperament and cardiac vagal tone: Assessments at twelve weeks of age","author":"Huffman L. 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