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The aim of this study was to test if observational assessments of parent\u2013child relationship dynamics (cohesion, enmeshment, and disengagement) were associated with three biological indices of early life adversity and downstream health risk: (1) methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (<jats:italic>NR3C1<\/jats:italic>), (2) telomere attrition, and (3) mitochondrial biogenesis, indexed by mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) copy number (mtDNAcn), all of which were measured in children's saliva. We tested hypotheses using a sample of 254 preschool\u2010aged children (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> age = 51.04 months) with and without child welfare\u2010substantiated maltreatment (52% with documented case of moderate\u2010severe maltreatment) who were racially and ethnically diverse (17% Black, 40% White, 23% biracial, and 20% other races; 45% Hispanic) and from primarily low\u2010income backgrounds (91% qualified for public assistance). Results of path analyses revealed that: (1) higher parent\u2013child cohesion was associated with lower levels of methylation of <jats:italic>NR3C1<\/jats:italic> exon 1<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub> and longer telomeres, and (2) higher parent\u2013child disengagement was associated with higher levels of methylation of <jats:italic>NR3C1<\/jats:italic> exon 1<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub> and shorter telomeres. Results suggest that parent\u2013child relationship dynamics may have distinct biological effects on children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T07:03:48Z","timestamp":1706511828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining the biological impacts of parent\u2013child relationship dynamics on preschool\u2010aged children who have experienced adversity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse L.","family":"Coe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Bradley\/Hasbro Children's Research Center E.P. 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