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Sex dimorphism in the brain, including midbrain dopaminergic circuits, can explain differences in social behavior impairment and stereotypic behaviors between male and female individuals with ASD. These abnormal patterns may be due to alterations in dopamine synthesis in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN). We used an autism\u2010like mouse model by prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure. CD1 pregnant female mice were injected with 500\u00a0mg\/kg VPA or 0.9% NaCl as a vehicle on gestational day 12.5. In the offspring, on postnatal day 31, we examined the social and repetitive behaviors and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)\u2010positive cells in VTA and SN by sex. Male VPA mice showed impaired social behavior and increased repetitive behaviors when compared to male vehicles. In females, we did not find statistically significant differences in social or repetitive behaviors between the groups. Male VPA mice had fewer TH<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells in the SN than control\u2010vehicle mice. Interestingly, no cellular changes were observed between females. This study supports the notion that sex dimorphism of certain brain regions is involved in the etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T02:29:34Z","timestamp":1707877774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sex differences in autism\u2010like behavior and dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of juvenile mice prenatally exposed to valproate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8211-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Zarate\u2010Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology University of Colima Colima Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea P.","family":"Garz\u00f3n\u2010Partida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology University of Colima Colima Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma Y.","family":"G\u00e1lvez\u2010Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Atenci\u00f3n en Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2020.00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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