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However, there is a paucity of studies investigating early\u2010life neural markers in GDM\u2010exposed infants. This study examined the association of GDM with relative EEG power among healthy term\u2010age neonates collected during natural sleep. Participants included a diverse cohort of 101 mothers (45% multiracial, 25% Black, and 69% Hispanic or Latina) and their infants (gestational age at birth <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub> = 39.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.95; 46.5% female). We did not observe the main effect of GDM on infant relative EEG power. Our post hoc analyses revealed a significant interaction effect between GDM and infant birth weight on relative EEG power in active sleep. Among GDM\u2010exposed neonates, increased birth weight was associated with increased relative theta EEG power and decreased relative beta and gamma EEG power across multiple electrode regions. Among non\u2010GDM\u2010exposed infants, increased birth weight was associated with decreased relative theta EEG power and increased relative beta and gamma EEG power across multiple electrode regions. Our findings suggest that alterations in fetal growth may serve as either an indirect marker or pathway through which GDM influences the developing fetal brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:47:57Z","timestamp":1735692477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Moderates the Association Between Birth Weight and EEG Power in Healthy Term\u2010Age Newborns"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren C.","family":"Shuffrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry NYU Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York 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