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Specifically, low socioeconomic status (SES) negatively impacts children's intelligence quotient (IQ). Most data on this topic comes from high\u2010inequality countries such as the United States. Here, we investigate the relation between SES, IQ, and attention and how it might be mediated by early\u2010childhood factors in 10\u2010 to 13\u2010year\u2010old children in Poland, a country with relatively low inequality and a medium GDP level. Executive attention was measured using a go\/no\u2010go task. We found that parental education significantly influenced IQ and attention. Low SES children scored on average 3 IQ points lower than high SES children and had significantly longer reaction times and d\u2019 (discrimination accuracies). Family SES had a clear non\u2010mediated impact on IQ and an overall effect on attention. On the other hand, smoking\/alcohol during pregnancy and breastfeeding, while all correlated with SES, did not mediate its effects on IQ or attention. We conclude that the impact of SES on cognition is considerable even in a low\u2010inequality country such as Poland, and in our population it cannot be explained by these early\u2010life factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT04574414<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T02:30:12Z","timestamp":1750300212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of Socioeconomic Status With IQ and Attention in School Children in Poland, a Country With Relatively Low Socioeconomic Differences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Compa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Krakow Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Social Sciences Jagiellonian University  Krakow 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