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Infants with prenatal cannabis exposure face a greater risk of neurobehavioral vulnerabilities. The current study sought to examine the association between prenatal cannabis exposure and newborn neurobehavior, while also considering potential moderators (i.e., tobacco exposure and household income). The study included 115 pregnant individuals and their newborns enrolled in the Atlanta African American Maternal\u2010Child cohort. Researchers quantitatively measured biomarkers of cannabis (COOH\u2010THC) and tobacco smoke (COT) in urine samples collected at enrollment. Self\u2010reported substance use was also collected during the first trimester of pregnancy. Newborn neurobehavior was assessed at 1\u00a0month of age (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a025.3 days\u2019 old,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a014.41) using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale. There were no significant main effects of self\u2010reported prenatal cannabis use or prenatal COOH\u2010THC concentrations on newborn neurobehavior. Additionally, tobacco exposure did not moderate these associations. Significant interactions were found between household income and prenatal COOH\u2010THC levels in predicting newborn attention and arousal. Specifically, cannabis\u2010exposed newborns exhibited attenuated attention and heightened arousal if they were from low\u2010income households. Our findings highlight the potential role that socioeconomic factors may play in influencing behavior associated with prenatal exposures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:28:04Z","timestamp":1753090084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating Household Income and Tobacco Exposure as Moderators of the Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Newborn Neurobehavior"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Stanfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaela","family":"Nutor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana Boyd","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Corwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parinya","family":"Panuwet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volha","family":"Yakimavets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children6010010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010020\u20102748\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.22161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0485-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1630-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02540-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.2006.Substance Abuse: Clinical Issues in Intensive Outpatient Treatment. 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