{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:10:57Z","timestamp":1785330657986,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parental incarceration can be stressful for children, leading to less optimal development. Although parental incarceration typically takes place among other adversities, resilience processes occur in many families, for example, in instances of secure child\u2013caregiver attachment relationships. Yet, it is not known how secure attachments are associated with stress processes in children with incarcerated parents, especially in the context of other risks. The current study analyzed data from 67 child\u2013caregiver dyads, measuring cumulative stress hormones (cortisol and cortisone) through children's hair samples and assessing attachment security using the Attachment Q\u2010sort. Results indicated that children with higher attachment security scores had lower levels of cortisone and the combined cortisol\/cortisone variable, aligning with the Learning Theory of Attachment, which posits that secure attachments mitigate stress through consistent, supportive caregiving. Conversely, children with insecure attachments exhibited more extreme cortisone levels, suggesting dysregulated stress responses. These findings underscore the importance of attachment security as a resilience factor in children facing parental incarceration and other adversities. The study calls for targeted interventions to strengthen caregiver\u2013child relationships, which could buffer the long\u2010term negative impacts of chronic stress. These results highlight the need for family\u2010related approaches to support the well\u2010being of children affected by mass incarceration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T06:52:01Z","timestamp":1756882321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Parental Incarceration, Attachment to Caregivers, and Young Children's Physiological Stress"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0969-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Muentner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Corrections and Reentry Research Program, Justice Practice Area RTI International  Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2715-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerrie","family":"Fanning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Pritzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9708-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amita","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay","family":"Weymouth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2041-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandni Anandha","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9249-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Poehlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions","author":"Aiken L. S.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v36i6.20629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cfp0000058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800417711583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941400073X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567\u2010021\u201000377\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpi014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730903417011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730903416955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10796126.2016.1198753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417001705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2012.661232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2012.654479"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Coaching Parents of Vulnerable Infants: The Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch\u2010Up Approach","author":"Dozier M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2013.817553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616680612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000893"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16707-3_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12562"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2020.100898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413488889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hsr.2023.100079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04\u20101968fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360\u2010012\u20100674\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939383.ch10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","volume-title":"Strengthening Families Program: Children's Skills Training Curriculum Manual, Parent Training Manual, Children's Skill Training Manual, and Family Skills Training Manual","author":"Kumpfer K. L.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2017.58.6.1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16707-3_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","volume-title":"Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016: Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children","author":"Maruschak L. M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","volume-title":"Ordinary Magic: Resilience in Development","author":"Masten A. S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u2010006X.61.2.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","unstructured":"Masten A. S. J.Neemann andS.Andenas. Unpublished manuscript. \u201cLife Events and Adjustment in Adolescents: A Study of Confounded Measures and Mediating Processes.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16625-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121254109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"Minton T. D. andZ.Zeng.2021.Jail Inmates in 2020 \u2010 Statistical Tables. NCJ 303308.US Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics.https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/ji20st.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826\u2010018\u20101265\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023\u2010062420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","unstructured":"Murphey D. andP. M.Cooper.2015. \u201cParents Behind Bars: What Happens to Their Children?.\u201d Child Trends.https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/publications\/parents\u2010behind\u2010bars\u2010what\u2010happens\u2010to\u2010their\u2010children."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14751790903416889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034306073402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2018.1458088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559516656398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010\u20101215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559519888587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2005.00871.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730802113695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000062-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12392"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"A Multivariate Technique for Multiply Imputing Missing Values Using a Sequence of Regression Models","volume":"27","author":"Raghunathan T. E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Survey Methodology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2004.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885519836996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730903417052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011\u20102663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689\u2010020\u201009337\u2010y"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Heart Rate as a Convergent Measure in Clinical and Developmental Research","volume":"23","author":"Sroufe L. A.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Merrill\u2010Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2021.1976933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2015.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","unstructured":"The Circle of Security International.2019. \u201cThe Circle of Security International.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.circleofsecurityinternational.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514544173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16707-3_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2021.1976923"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431\u2010013\u20101955\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206074463"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2004.00733.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa785"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199989225.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20105834.1995.tb00214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3333826"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379\u20100738(99)00146\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.2011.706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000100085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2021.1919616"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025415618276"}],"container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dev.70076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T05:17:38Z","timestamp":1765516658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dev.70076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dev.70076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.70076","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1630","1098-2302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1630","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2302","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70076"}}